What is a Ureteral Stent? Procedur, Benefits, and Recovery
Ureteral stent, also known as ureteric stent or kidney stents, are small tubes inserted into the ureters to help urine pass from the kidneys to the bladder. learn more
ureteroscopy
prostate cancer
What is Raised PSA? Causes, diagnosis and treatment
A raised PSA level is one of the most common reasons men are referred for prostate assessment. PSA testing is widely used to help monitor prostate health, particularly as men get older. While a raised result can be worrying, it is important to understand that PSA levels can increase for several reasons and do not always indicate prostate cancer. As men age, changes in the prostate are widespread. Both benign (non-cancerous) conditions and normal prostate enlargement can lead to higher PSA levels. For this reason, a raised PSA is best viewed as a signal for further evaluation rather than a diagnosis in itself. Let’s know more about what is raised PSA? What is PSA? Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the prostate gland. Small amounts of PSA enter the bloodstream and can be measured with a blood test to help assess prostate health. PSA levels often increase with age, but a raised PSA does not always mean prostate cancer. Risk factors for prostate cancer include family history, Black African or Black Caribbean ancestry, BRCA gene mutations, and obesity. Further assessment may be needed to determine the cause of an elevated PSA level. Also read more about Prostate cancer What is Raised PSA A raised PSA level can be worrying, but it is important to understand that PSA is not a cancer test itself. PSA levels can rise for many reasons, including age-related prostate enlargement and inflammation. Doctors take a look at the overall picture rather than a single number when deciding whether further tests are needed. What is a dangerous PSA level? While these ranges provide guidance, PSA trends are often more important than one isolated reading. A PSA that continues to rise over time or increases rapidly may be more significant than a stable PSA, even if the number itself is not very high. For this reason, doctors often repeat the test and may recommend additional investigations such as prostate MRI, free PSA testing, or a biopsy to understand the underlying cause. What causes raised PSA levels? There are several reasons for raised PSA levels causes, and in many cases, the cause is completely benign. A higher PSA does not automatically mean prostate cancer, which is why doctors look at possible underlying factors before recommending further tests. As the prostate increases in size, most commonly due to a benign condition called Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), it tends to release more PSA into the bloodstream. In men with a significantly enlarged prostate, higher PSA levels are often expected. If an MRI scan shows an enlarged prostate with no suspicious features for cancer, PSA density (the amount of PSA relative to prostate size) can be calculated. This often explains the raised PSA and can be reassuring. PSA levels can also rise due to inflammation within the prostate. This may be linked to a current or past infection, such as prostatitis, or irritation caused by recent urinary procedures like catheterisation. These are common, non-cancerous reasons for raised PSA levels. In some cases, physical factors such as trauma or prolonged cycling can cause a temporary increase in PSA, which usually settles over time. An elevated PSA level may prompt further evaluation to determine whether prostate cancer is present. Prostate cancer can vary significantly, ranging from slow-growing forms that may never cause symptoms to more aggressive cancers that require timely treatment. Changes in urination, such as going more often or having a weaker stream, can be an early sign and should be discussed with a doctor. Most urinary problems are caused by non-cancerous conditions that are treatable, and early assessment ensures the right care. What are the raised PSA symptoms? A raised PSA itself does not usually cause noticeable symptoms. Often, it is discovered through a routine blood test before any problems are felt. In many cases, a slightly raised PSA is linked to benign prostate changes and may not cause symptoms at all. Sometimes, an underlying prostate issue that raises PSA may cause changes in urination. Common signs include urinating more frequently, especially at night, a weaker urine flow, difficulty starting or stopping, or a feeling that the bladder is not fully empty. It is important to remember that these symptoms are often caused by non-cancerous conditions, such as an enlarged or inflamed prostate. However, if any changes in urination are persistent or concerning, it is always best to seek medical advice for proper assessment. How to diagnose raised PSA? Diagnosing a raised PSA usually begins with a simple blood test, but it does not stop there. A raised PSA on its own does not diagnose prostate cancer, which is why further assessment is often needed to understand the underlying cause and decide whether treatment is required. The diagnostic process commonly includes a PSA blood test, a digital rectal examination (DRE), imaging of the prostate using MRI, and, in some cases, a prostate biopsy. PSA test The PSA test measures the concentration of prostate-specific antigen in a blood sample to help assess prostate health. A higher-than-normal result may indicate a prostate condition, but it cannot determine the exact cause. The test involves taking a blood sample, which is analysed in a laboratory, and the results are reported as nanograms per millilitre (ng/mL). Because PSA can rise for several benign reasons, further tests are often recommended if levels are raised. Digital rectal examination (DRE) Alongside a PSA test, a digital rectal examination is commonly performed. During this examination, a consultant urologist gently inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate. This allows them to assess the size, shape, and texture of the gland. Although it may feel uncomfortable, the examination is quick, painless and provides valuable clinical information. Prostate MRI scan If PSA levels are raised or the DRE is abnormal, a prostate MRI scan is usually advised. MRI scans are highly effective at identifying areas within the prostate that may be suspicious for cancer. If concerning areas are seen, the MRI helps guide whether a biopsy
brachytherapy
What do you mean by Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer?
Brachytherapy for prostate cancer is a treatment that uses small radioactive seeds inserted directly into the prostate gland to destroy cancer cells. This procedure is also known as permanent brachytherapy or low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy, as the radioactive seeds remain inside the prostate after treatment. Learn more.
Dysuria
What is Dysuria? Take a look at its symptoms
Dysuria is a painful, burning sensation when you urinate. It can occur in both men and women, but it is more commonly seen in women. Common causes include urinary tract infections, bladder irritation, or underlying medical conditions. Depending on the cause, treatment may involve antibiotics, drinking plenty of water, avoiding irritants like caffeine or harsh soaps, or addressing other health issues. If dysuria persists, it’s important to see a doctor to find the cause and prevent complications. What is Dysuria? So, what is dysuria? It is the experience of pain, burning, or discomfort when urinating. Many people notice a sharp or stinging sensation, and it can occur during the start, middle, or end of urination. While dysuria is about the pain itself, it often comes along with other symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, or cloudy urine. Dysuria is not a disease but a symptom of an underlying health issue. Possible causes include urinary tract infections, irritation of the bladder or urethra, kidney stones, or sexually transmitted infections. Sometimes, certain medications or medical conditions, like prostate problems in men, can also lead to dysuria. Identifying the cause is essential, as treatment depends on the underlying problem, ranging from antibiotics and increased fluid intake to lifestyle adjustments or other medical interventions. What are the symptoms? The symptoms of dysuria can vary from person to person. But most people describe it as a burning or itching sensation while urinating. Among these, burning is the most commonly reported symptom. Where and When Pain Occurs: How is dysuria diagnosed? If you experience pain or a burning sensation while urinating, it’s important to see a healthcare provider. Dysuria is not a condition by itself; it’s a symptom of an underlying problem that may require treatment. Medical History and Questions A urologist may ask for your: For women of childbearing age, a pregnancy test may also be recommended. Urine Tests Providing a clean-catch urine sample is a key to diagnosis. This sample is tested for: This helps your provider choose the most effective antibiotic if an infection is present. Additional Testing If no infection is found, further tests may be needed. These can include: These steps help identify the exact cause of dysuria so the right treatment can be given. What are the causes? Dysuria can have many possible causes, and in some cases, doctors may not be able to identify the exact reason. Painful urination may result from infections, inflammation, irritation, or underlying medical conditions affecting the urinary or nearby organs. Causes in Women In women, painful urination may be linked to: Irritation can also trigger inflammation. Common irritants include: Causes in Men In men, dysuria may occur due to: Also read about Male urinary tract infections Causes in Both Men and Women Painful urination in either gender may also result from: Because the causes vary widely, proper medical evaluation is important to determine the underlying problem and guide treatment. How to treat dysuria? Treatment for dysuria depends entirely on what’s causing the pain or burning sensation. The first step is identifying whether the symptoms are due to an infection, inflammation, irritation, dietary triggers, or a condition affecting the bladder or prostate. Once the cause is clear, treatment can be tailored accordingly. Common Treatment Options Self-Care Measures Some simple steps may help reduce discomfort: In some cases, prescription medications or specialized treatments may be required, depending on the diagnosis. Consulting your doctor in case of persistent symptoms is crucial. How to prevent it? While not all cases of dysuria can be prevented, certain daily habits can lower your risk and support urinary health. Maintaining good hygiene and healthy hydration habits can go a long way in reducing the chances of painful urination. Know more about Urology Conclusion Dysuria is a common symptom that causes pain or burning during urination and can affect both men and women. It can be caused by infections, irritation, or other underlying health conditions, making accurate diagnosis important for proper treatment. With timely diagnosis, appropriate care, and healthy hygiene habits, most cases of dysuria can be effectively managed and even prevented. FAQs
ureteroscopy
What is Ureteroscopy? Learn more about its procedure
A ureteroscopy is a minimally invasive outpatient procedure that urologists perform to diagnose conditions affecting the urinary tract. It is most often used to treat urinary stones. It may also help address other types of blockages within the urinary system. The procedure may be done using two different approaches. This article explains what is ureteroscopy and how the procedure is performed. What is Ureteroscopy? Ureteroscopy is a medical procedure to examine the kidneys and ureters using a specialised instrument called a ureteroscope. It is commonly performed to identify and manage blockages, stones, or other abnormalities within the urinary tract. A ureteroscope is a slim, tube-like device fitted with a light and a small camera or lens that helps the provider view the urinary system clearly. Tiny instruments can also be passed through the scope to treat certain conditions during the procedure. A rigid ureteroscope is generally used for issues located in the lower ureter near the bladder, while a flexible ureteroscope is preferred for conditions affecting the upper ureter and kidney. What is Ureteroscopy used to treat? Ureteroscopy is used to identify and manage conditions affecting the urinary tract, including: The procedure may also be recommended to investigate and treat possible causes of blood in the urine. Ureteroscopy can be an effective treatment option for people who: In many cases, ureteroscopy is used to treat stones measuring between 5 and 20 mm. How common is ureteroscopy? Ureteroscopy is a widely performed procedure for treating stones within the urinary tract. Kidney stones are relatively common, affecting around 1 in 10 people in the United States at some point in their lifetime. Although kidney stones have traditionally been more frequent in males, the difference in occurrence between males and females has been decreasing over time. What is the procedure for ureteroscopy? During a ureteroscopy, a thin instrument called a ureteroscope is carefully guided through the urethra, into the bladder, and up the ureter toward the kidney. This allows the healthcare provider to locate, break apart, or remove kidney stones that are unable to pass naturally through the urinary tract. Is ureteroscopy a major or minor procedure? Ureteroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure, not a major surgery. It is commonly performed as an outpatient treatment, meaning most people can return home the same day. How to prepare for a ureteroscopy Your healthcare provider will give you specific instructions before the procedure. Preparation steps may include: Who is part of the care team? A ureteroscopy procedure is typically carried out by a specialised healthcare team, which may include: What happens during the procedure? Before the procedure begins, the anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) will administer general anesthesia through an IV line, usually placed in your arm. This ensures that you remain asleep, comfortable, and free from pain throughout the procedure. Once the anesthesia takes effect, the urologist gently inserts the ureteroscope through the urethra and advances it into the bladder and urinary tract. There are generally two main approaches used during ureteroscopy to treat stones: The treatment method chosen depends on several factors, including the stone’s size, location, and mineral composition Is a stent necessary after ureteroscopy? After the procedure, they usually place a ureteric stent to help the urinary system heal properly. One end of the stent is placed in the kidney, and the other in the bladder. The stent keeps the ureter open, allowing urine and any remaining stone fragments to pass more easily during recovery. Since the stent stays entirely inside the body, there is no need for an external urine collection bag. It is typically removed within a few days to a couple of weeks after the ureteroscopy. In some cases, the stent may have a small “pull-out” string that passes through the urethra and is taped to the leg. This makes it possible for the patient to remove the stent at home if advised by the doctor. Alternatively, a nurse or healthcare professional can remove the stent during a follow-up office visit. What happens after the procedure? Following the procedure, healthcare providers will observe you in a recovery area for about 1 to 2 hours to ensure you are recovering well from anesthesia. They will also provide instructions on managing any mild pain or discomfort after the procedure. Since ureteroscopy is typically performed as an outpatient procedure, most patients can return home on the same day. In some cases, the removed stone may be sent to a laboratory for further analysis. Examining the stone helps identify its type and possible cause, which can also assist in planning strategies to reduce the risk of future stone formation. How long does the procedure take? A ureteroscopy generally takes around one to two hours to complete. However, including preparation time and post-procedure recovery, patients should expect to spend approximately four hours or more at the hospital or surgical center. What are the benefits and risks of ureteroscopy? Benefits of ureteroscopy Ureteroscopy offers several advantages for the treatment of urinary stones and related conditions, including: Possible risks and side effects Although ureteroscopy is generally considered safe, like any medical procedure, it may involve certain risks or complications, such as: It is also common to notice some blood in the urine after the procedure, especially when a stent is in place. The urine may appear darker or bloodier during physical activity, but light activities such as walking are generally encouraged. Drinking plenty of water can help flush the urinary system and keep the urine clearer during recovery. For patients with multiple or very large stones, an additional procedure may sometimes be needed to completely remove all stone fragments. Healthcare providers usually discuss this possibility before treatment. How painful is ureteroscopy? Most patients describe discomfort after ureteroscopy as mild to moderate. Pain and irritation can often be managed with: What Is the Recovery Process and Outlook After Ureteroscopy? Recovery after the procedure Most people can resume their usual daily activities within a few days after the ureteral stent is removed. However, while
Medical Conditions
Blood in Semen (Hematospermia): 5 Causes & Treatment
Blood in semen or Hematospemia usually isn’t a symptom of a serious health problem. The most common causes are an injury or a popped blood vessel. This is a condition where blood appears in the semen during ejaculation. It often goes away on its own without treatment. Learn more.
Surgical Procedures
Robotic Surgery: What it is, Examples, Advantages & Risks
Robotic surgery is a technique used by surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater precision, flexibility, and control. Learn More.
testicular lump
Lump in Testicles: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Lump in testicles, also known as scrotal masses, are most often caused by non-cancerous conditions. However, in a small number of cases, they can be an early sign of testicular cancer. Scrotal lumps or swelling may also develop due to infections, fluid buildup around the testicle (hydrocele), enlarged veins in the scrotum (varicocele), cysts, or a hernia. Some lumps are painless and discovered accidentally, while others may cause discomfort and a feeling of heaviness. The size or shape of the testicles may also change. It’s important not to ignore any new lump, swelling, or change in the scrotum, because the causes can vary widely. What is a Lump in Testicles? A lump in testicles (Scrotal mass) is an abnormal growth that develops on or near the testis. Most people have two testicles, although some may have more or fewer than this. Their main functions are to produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. However, certain testicular lumps may interfere with fertility, and in some cases, they can indicate a more serious condition, including testicular cancer. For this reason, any new or unusual lump should be checked by a healthcare professional. Where can a lump on the testicle appear? A lump in testicles (Scrotal mass) can appear in different locations depending on the underlying cause. It may develop on the surface of the testicle itself or in the surrounding structures within the scrotum. Scrotal masses are relatively common, and most lumps found on or around the testicles are not cancerous. Even so, it’s important to have any new lump or swelling examined by a healthcare provider to confirm the diagnosis and determine whether treatment is needed. What are the causes of testicular lumps? A lump in the testicle can be a sign of various medical conditions, the majority of which are not serious. Most scrotal lumps are benign (non-cancerous). The most common causes of lumps or swelling in the testicles include: New lumps, swelling, or changes in the testicles should be checked on time to identify the cause and receive appropriate treatment. What are the other symptoms of testicular lumps? Symptoms of a testicular lump can vary depending on the underlying cause and the size of the lump. Some testicular lumps cause little to no discomfort and may go unnoticed. Others can lead to more noticeable or troubling symptoms, such as: Certain conditions that cause testicular lumps may also interfere with fertility and affect the ability to conceive. How are testicular lumps diagnosed? To diagnose a lump in the testicle, a healthcare professional will usually: To help identify the underlying cause, they may also recommend one or more tests, including: Know about this PSA blood test for prostate cancer. What are the treatments for testicular lumps? Treatment for a scrotal lump varies based on the underlying cause. If the lump is painless, not causing discomfort, and not associated with a serious condition, active treatment may not be required, and regular monitoring may be sufficient. Common treatment options for scrotal masses include: Your healthcare provider will recommend the most appropriate treatment based on the diagnosis and overall health. What are the complications of not treating a testicular lump? The risks of leaving a scrotal mass untreated depend on the cause, but potential complications may include: Early assessment by a healthcare professional improves the chances of timely treatment and helps prevent serious complications. How can testicular lumps be prevented? Not all causes of testicular lumps can be prevented. However, regularly checking your testicles and scrotum for lumps or changes can help with early detection. A monthly testicular self-examination only takes a few minutes and can help you notice any unusual changes promptly. You may also reduce the risk of certain bacterial or viral causes by: Conclusion Testicular lumps are common and are most often caused by non-cancerous conditions, but in rare cases, they can signal a serious problem such as testicular cancer. Because symptoms and causes vary widely, any new lump, swelling, or change in the testicles should never be ignored. Early self-examination, prompt medical assessment, and appropriate testing help ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Timely care not only reduces the risk of complications such as infertility or infection but can also be life-saving when cancer is involved. A healthcare provider can examine the scrotum and testicles and may recommend tests such as an ultrasound, urine tests, or blood tests to identify the underlying cause. Regular testicular self-examination can also help detect changes early. FAQs
prostate cancer
What is a Prostate Cancer? Do not miss these 4 risk factors
Many people begin their research by asking, What is a prostate cancer. Learning the answer helps build a clearer picture of how this disease develops and why screening matters. While many cases remain localised and slow-growing, untreated cancer cells may spread to other parts of the body over time. Learn more…
Male UTI
Male Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms
Urinary Tract Infections are often thought of as a women’s health issue, but men can develop UTIs too, especially with increasing age or underlying medical conditions. Although less common in males, UTIs may indicate a more serious problem and should never be ignored. Understanding male urinary tract infection symptoms is essential for early diagnosis, effective treatment, and preventing complications. This guide explains the symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis methods, and when to seek medical help. Learn More.